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Tephra is a generalized word for the various bits of debris launched out of a volcano during an eruption, regardless of their size. [4] Pyroclastic materials are generally categorized according to size: dust measures at <1/8 mm, ash is 1/8–2 mm, cinders are 2–64 mm, and bombs and blocks are both >64 mm. [5] Different hazards are associated with the different kinds of pyroclastic materials.
A volcanic eruption is essentially the only natural way for short-lived – less than a few years – gases like sulfur dioxide and water vapor to make it into the stratosphere.
Mackenzie, Muschalik & Broesche (2021) provided comments on the 2018 report in three separately authored sections. [4] Broesche believes that Yellowstone should be ranked higher due to the size of the volcano and the popularity of Yellowstone National Park, and Muschalik considers Mount Rainier to be just as dangerous as Kilauea due to its proximity to large population centers in Washington.
Dieng Volcanic Complex: 1 Indonesia: 1979 1979 eruption of Sinila crater [28] 144 Mount Tokachi: 3 Japan: 1926 [29] [better source needed] 117 Dieng Volcanic Complex: 2 Indonesia: 1944 [30] 114 Dieng Volcanic Complex: 1 Indonesia: 1964 [30] 108 to 120 Mount Tarawera: 5 New Zealand: 1886 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera: 106 Dubbi: 3 Eritrea ...
Because volcanoes are more unstable than regular peaks, they also make them more susceptible to falling apart. In the worst cases, the whole side of a volcano can fall away, such as in 1980.
Each spring, residents of this village tucked at the base of one of the world's most dangerous volcanoes trek up to a cave near its crater to make a peace offering.
Vog is created when volcanic gases (primarily oxides of sulfur) react with sunlight, oxygen and moisture.The result includes sulfuric acid and other sulfates. [4] Vog is made up of a mixture of gases and aerosols which makes it hard to study and potentially more dangerous than either on their own.
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