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Misoprostol is recommended due to its cost, effectiveness, stability, and low rate of side effects. [50] Oxytocin must also be given by injection, while misprostol can be given orally or rectally for this use, making it much more useful in areas where nurses and physicians are less available. [51]
Other adverse effects may include nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, warmth or hot flashes. [50] [43] [20] When used inside the vagina, misoprostol tends to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects. [6] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen reduce pain with medication abortion.
A common side effect of prostaglandin E 2 is its effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle resulting in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Other side effects include headache, shivering, and chills. [4] The suppository form of prostaglandin E 2 is associated with increased severity of these symptoms.
Prostaglandin analogues such as misoprostol are used in treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers. [2] Misoprostol and other prostaglandin analogues protect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract from harmful stomach acid and are especially indicated for the elderly on continuous doses of NSAIDs.
When injected into the penis for erectile dysfunction; side effects may include penile pain, bleeding at the site of injection, and prolonged erection (priapism). [2] Prostaglandin E 1 was isolated in 1957 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1981. [2] [6] Misoprostol has various obstetric uses.
Common abortifacients used in performing medical abortions include mifepristone, which is typically used in conjunction with misoprostol in a two-step approach. [3] Synthetic oxytocin , which is routinely used safely during term labor , is also commonly used to induce abortion in the second or third trimester .
Critics have long argued that while studying the effects of Red Dye No. 3 in humans poses ethical and scientific challenges, its ban in cosmetics should have logically extended to the food supply.
Carbetocin has been shown to be more effective than oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhaging as well. Common side effects of carbetocin include vomiting, fever, and hypertension- similar side effect profile to that of oxytocin. [10] Both carbetocin and oxytocin are listed on the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines List. [10]