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Autograft, tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same patient. An autograft reduces the risk of rejection but requires a second surgery site, adding pain, risk and possible longer aftercare. Xenograft, a transplant from another species; Isograft, a transplant from a genetically identical donor, such as an identical twin.
Transplant engineering (or allograft engineering) is a variant of genetic organ engineering which comprises allograft, autograft and xenograft engineering. In allograft engineering the graft is substantially modified by altering its genetic composition. The genetic modification can be permanent or transient. The aim of modifying the allograft ...
A syngeneic graft is known as an isograft. [2] Related terms include: [citation needed] autogeneic, referring to autotransplantation, also termed autograft, (from one part of the body to another in the same person) allogeneic, referring to allotransplantation or an allograft (from other individual of same species).
The graft is given a break from humoral rejection [59] when the complement cascade is interrupted, circulating antibodies are removed, or their function is changed, or there is a change in the expression of surface antigens on the graft. This allows the xenograft to up-regulate and express protective genes, which aid in resistance to injury ...
Alternatively, exogenous bone can be used: xenograft is the most commonly used, because it offers the advantage of exceptional volume stability over time. Allograft offers the best regeneration quality but has lower volume stability. Often a mix of different kinds of bone grafts is used. [citation needed]
Autograft: graft taken from one part of the body of an individual and transplanted onto another site in the same individual, e.g., skin graft. Isograft: graft taken from one individual and placed on another individual of the same genetic constitution, e.g., grafts between identical twins.
In orthopaedic medicine, a bone graft can be sourced from a patient's own bone in order to fill space and produce an osteogenic response in a bone defect. However, due to the donor-site morbidity associated with autograft, other methods such as bone allograft and bone morphogenetic proteins and synthetic graft materials are often used as alternatives.
Allogeneic: The donor and recipient are of the same species (human→human, dog→dog; allograft). Xenogeneic: The donor and recipient are of different species (e.g., bovine cartilage; pig skin; xenograft or heterograft). Prosthetic: Lost tissue is replaced with synthetic materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic (prosthetic implants). [4]