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Special unitary group. In mathematics, the special unitary group of degree n, denoted SU (n), is the Lie group of n × n unitary matrices with determinant 1. The matrices of the more general unitary group may have complex determinants with absolute value 1, rather than real 1 in the special case. The group operation is matrix multiplication.
In some sense this reduces the classification of these groups to the classification of p -groups. Some of the small groups that do not have a normal p -complement include: Order 24: The symmetric group S 4. Order 48: The binary octahedral group and the product S4 × Z2. Order 60: The alternating group A 5.
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons , quarks , gauge bosons and the Higgs boson .
The term groupes de Lie first appeared in French in 1893 in the thesis of Lie's student Arthur Tresse, page 3. [5] Lie groups represent the best-developed theory of continuous symmetry of mathematical objects and structures, which makes them indispensable tools for many parts of contemporary mathematics, as well as for modern theoretical physics.
The Mandelbrot set ( / ˈmændəlbroʊt, - brɒt /) [ 1][ 2] is a two-dimensional set with a relatively simple definition that exhibits great complexity, especially as it is magnified. It is popular for its aesthetic appeal and fractal structures. The set is defined in the complex plane as the complex numbers for which the function does not ...
In mathematics, a group is a set with an operation that associates an element of the set to every pair of elements of the set (as does every binary operation) and satisfies the following constraints: the operation is associative, it has an identity element, and every element of the set has an inverse element.
Multiplying any two unit fractions results in a product that is another unit fraction: [2] =. However, adding, [3] subtracting, [3] or dividing two unit fractions produces a result that is generally not a unit fraction: + = +
[2] The use of mathematical models to solve problems in business or military operations is a large part of the field of operations research. Mathematical models are also used in music, [3] linguistics, [4] and philosophy (for example, intensively in analytic philosophy). A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different ...
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