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Narcotics Anonymous (NA), founded in 1953, describes itself as a "nonprofit fellowship or society of men and women for whom drugs had become a major problem." [ 1 ] Narcotics Anonymous uses a 12-step model developed for people with varied substance use disorders [ 2 ] and is the second-largest 12-step organization, [ 3 ] after 12-step pioneer ...
Alcoholics Anonymous is the largest of all of the twelve-step programs (from which all other twelve-step programs are derived), followed by Narcotics Anonymous; the majority of twelve-step members are recovering from addiction to alcohol or other drugs. The majority of twelve-step programs, however, address illnesses other than substance addiction.
Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula Na H.This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong yet combustible base in organic synthesis.NaH is a saline (salt-like) hydride, composed of Na + and H − ions, in contrast to molecular hydrides such as borane, silane, germane, ammonia, and methane.
Sodium-ion batteries ( NIBs, SIBs, or Na-ion batteries) are several types of rechargeable batteries, which use sodium ions (Na +) as their charge carriers. In some cases, its working principle and cell construction are similar to those of lithium-ion battery (LIB) types, but it replaces lithium with sodium as the intercalating ion.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 August 2024. Portable Document Format, a digital file format For other uses, see PDF (disambiguation). Portable Document Format Adobe PDF icon Filename extension.pdf Internet media type application/pdf, application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf Type code PDF (including a single ...
The voltage-dependence of steady-state fast inactivation is unchanged in Na v 1.1–Na v 1.4, but steady-state fast inactivation in Na v 1.5 is depolarized. Hence, among the sodium channels that have been studied so far, Na v 1.4 is the least and Na v 1.5 is the most proton-sensitive subtypes. [59]
The sodium–potassium pump (sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as Na + /K +-ATPase, Na + /K + pump, or sodium–potassium ATPase) is an enzyme (an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) found in the membrane of all animal cells. It performs several functions in cell physiology. The Na + /K +-ATPase enzyme is active (i.e. it ...
Firstly, an Na + /K + ATPase on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule cell uses ATP molecules to move 3 sodium ions outward into the blood, while bringing in 2 potassium ions. This action creates a downhill sodium ion gradient from the outside to the inside of the proximal tubule cell (that is, in comparison to both the blood and the ...