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Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone. [4] [5] OIH is not necessarily confined to the original affected site. [6]
Main side effects of oxycodone [43] Two tablets (10 mg) of oxycodone and safety blisters. The most common side effects of oxycodone include reduced sensitivity to pain, delayed gastric emptying, euphoria, anxiolysis (a reduction in anxiety), feelings of relaxation, and respiratory depression. [44]
Many patients will not develop these side effects, although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with Antipsychotic usage. The percentage of patients affected by side effects like Tardive dyskinesia is significantly high and estimated to be a 20-50% prevalence. [1] [2]
This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects. [77] Long-term opioid use can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain. [100] All of the opioids can cause side effects. [69]
Commonly known as the blue lotus, Nymphaea Caerulea is available in several forms, including dried plant material, teas, and extracts for electronic cigarettes. The psychoactive effects of the flower are attributed to two aporphine alkaloids: apomorphine and nuciferine.
Nausea and vomiting are common side effects when first beginning therapy with apomorphine; [11] antiemetics such as trimethobenzamide or domperidone, dopamine antagonists, [12] are often used while first starting apomorphine. Around 50% of people grow tolerant enough to apomorphine's emetic effects that they can discontinue the antiemetic.
An opioid overdose is toxicity due to excessive consumption of opioids, such as morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone. [3] [5] This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to respiratory depression, a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia from slow and shallow breathing. [3]
In the 1970s, the FDA classified oxycodone as a Schedule II drug, indicating a high potential for non-medical use and addiction. After its 1995 approval by the FDA by Deputy Director Curtis Wright IV , [ 104 ] Purdue Pharma introduced OxyContin, a controlled release formulation of oxycodone [ 70 ] in 1996.