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When regulation is seen as a game between a regulator and source of disturbances , "only variety in can force down the variety due to ; only variety can destroy variety." [15]: 207 In work with Ashby, Conant augmented this with the " Good Regulator theorem" stating that "every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system". [ 16 ]
The concept of unity in variety was further developed in the early 1700s by Francis Hutcheson, who declared that excitement is generated by "Uniformity amidst Variety", which generates a "disinterested" pleasure (i.e., the one with no regard for practical issues, like existence of the considered object or the wants of the body, like thirst).
Variety is used in cybernetics as an information theory that is easily related to deterministic finite automata, and less formally as a conceptual tool for thinking about organization, regulation, and stability. It is an early theory of complexity in automata, complex systems, [1]: 6 and operations research. [2]
The notion of adding more variety or states to resolve ambiguity or undecidability (also known as the decision problem) is the subject of Chaitin's metamathematical conjecture algorithmic information theory and provides a potentially rigorous theoretical basis for a general management heuristic.
Although L. Bruce Archer's "Systematic Method for Designers" (1963–64) [56] was concerned primarily with a systematic process of designing, it also expressed a need to broaden the scope of conventional design: "Ways have had to be found to incorporate knowledge of ergonomics, cybernetics, marketing and management science into design thinking ...
Below are examples of the applications of management science. In finance , management science is instrumental in portfolio optimization, risk management , and investment strategies. By employing mathematical models, analysts can assess market trends, optimize asset allocation, and mitigate financial risks , contributing to more informed and ...
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Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere [3] as correspondent to rocks, water, air and life respectively. Some scientists include as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice ) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the ...