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The word 'attar' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word itir, [3] which is in turn derived from the Arabic word 'itr (عطر), meaning 'perfume'. [4] [5]The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of Ibn al-Baitar (1188–1248), an Al-Andalusian (Muslim Iberia) physician, pharmacist and chemist.
Aromatherapy is a practice based on the use of aromatic materials, including essential oils and other aroma compounds, with claims for improving psychological well-being. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is used as a complementary therapy or as a form of alternative medicine , and typically is used via inhalation and not by ingestion.
Avicenna was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation [115] and used steam distillation to produce essential oils such as rose essence, which he used as aromatherapeutic treatments for heart conditions. [116] [117] Unlike al-Razi, Avicenna explicitly disputed the theory of the transmutation of substances commonly believed by ...
Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) (Persian: طب سنتی ایرانی, romanized: tebbe sonnati-e irāni), also known as Persian traditional medicine, is one of the most ancient forms of traditional medicine. ITM is grounded in the concept of four humors: phlegm (Balgham), blood (Dam), yellow bile (Ṣafrā') and black bile (Saudā').
Before the development of the technique of distilling rose water, rose petals were already used in Persian cuisine to perfume and flavour dishes. [6] Rose water likely originated in Persia, [7] [8] [9] where it is known as gulāb (گلاب), from gul (گل rose) and ab (آب water). The term was adopted into Medieval Greek as zoulápin. [10]
An essential oil is produced by steam distillation. The raw gum is a black or sometimes dark brown, fragrant mass containing up to 20% or more of water. It is plastic but not pourable, and becomes brittle with age. The absolute is dark amber-green and very thick at room temperature. The fragrance is more refined than the raw resin.
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