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Memory bandwidth is the rate at which data can be read from or stored into a semiconductor memory by a processor. Memory bandwidth is usually expressed in units of bytes/second , though this can vary for systems with natural data sizes that are not a multiple of the commonly used 8-bit bytes.
The gap between processor speed and main memory speed has grown exponentially. Until 2001–05, CPU speed, as measured by clock frequency, grew annually by 55%, whereas memory speed only grew by 7%. [1] This problem is known as the memory wall. The motivation for a cache and its hierarchy is to bridge this speed gap and overcome the memory wall.
The arithmetic intensity, also referred to as operational intensity, [3] [7] is the ratio of the work to the memory traffic : [1] = and denotes the number of operations per byte of memory traffic. When the work W {\displaystyle W} is expressed as FLOPs , the resulting arithmetic intensity I {\displaystyle I} will be the ratio of floating point ...
The channel capacity is defined as ... the channel has memory. Consider for instance the simple case on an autoregressive model noise process = ...
Computer memory caches usually operate on blocks of memory that consist of several consecutive words. These units are customarily called cache blocks, or, in CPU caches, cache lines. Virtual memory systems partition the computer's main storage into even larger units, traditionally called pages.
That said, the price of high-capacity drives has fallen rapidly, and this is indeed an effect of density. The highest capacity drives use more platters, essentially individual hard drives within the case. As the density increases, the number of platters can be reduced, leading to lower costs. Hard drives are often measured in terms of cost per bit.
A model, called Concurrent-AMAT (C-AMAT), is introduced for more accurate analysis of current memory systems. More information on C-AMAT can be found in the external links section. AMAT's three parameters hit time (or hit latency), miss rate, and miss penalty provide a quick analysis of memory systems. Hit latency (H) is the time to hit in the ...
Static random-access memory (static RAM or SRAM) is a type of random-access memory (RAM) that uses latching circuitry (flip-flop) to store each bit. SRAM is volatile memory ; data is lost when power is removed.