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Dopamine receptors are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling and dopaminergic nerve function is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. [2]
Some dopamine receptors are located in the walls of arteries, where they act as a vasodilator and an inhibitor of norepinephrine release from postganglionic sympathetic nerves terminals (dopamine can inhibit norepinephrine release by acting on presynaptic dopamine receptors, and also on presynaptic α-1 receptors, like norepinephrine itself). [75]
The dopamine receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily with seven transmembrane domains. Dopamine receptors have five subtypes, D 1 through D 5, the subtypes can be divided into two subclasses due to their mechanism of action on adenylate cyclase enzyme, D 1-like receptors (D 1 and D 5) and D 2-like receptors (D 2, D ...
Dopamine receptor D 2, also known as D 2 R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.After work from Paul Greengard's lab had suggested that dopamine receptors were the site of action of antipsychotic drugs, several groups, including those of Solomon H. Snyder and Philip Seeman used a radiolabeled antipsychotic drug to identify what is now known as the dopamine D 2 receptor. [5]
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling.
D 1 receptor has a high degree of structural homology to another dopamine receptor, D 5, and they both bind similar drugs. [13] As a result, none of the known orthosteric ligands is selective for the D 1 vs. the D 5 receptor, but the benzazepines generally are more selective for the D 1 and D 5 receptors versus the D 2-like family. [12]
Dopamine receptor D 3 has been shown to interact with CLIC6 [35] and EPB41L1. [ 36 ] DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism(rs6280), which is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with variant base C/T is linked to variation in PD such as depression severity, impulse control disorders, behavioral addiction and aberrant decision-making.
The dopamine receptor D 4 is a dopamine D2-like G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the DRD4 gene on chromosome 11 at 11p15.5. [5] The structure of DRD4 has been reported in complex with the antipsychotic drug nemonapride. [6] As with other dopamine receptor subtypes, the D 4 receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine.