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Pharaoh (/ ˈ f ɛər oʊ /, US also / ˈ f eɪ. r oʊ /; [4] Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; [note 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה Parʿō) [5] is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. [6]
Joseph interpreting the dreams of the baker and the cupbearer, by Benjamin Cuyp, c. 1630. Zaphnath-Paaneah (Biblical Hebrew: צָפְנַת פַּעְנֵחַ Ṣāp̄naṯ Paʿnēaḥ, LXX: Ψονθομφανήχ Psonthomphanḗch) is the name given by Pharaoh to Joseph in the Genesis narrative (Genesis 41:45).
Along with the title pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen ...
The Bible makes reference to various pharaohs (Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה , Parʿō) of Egypt. These include unnamed pharaohs in events described in the Torah , as well as several later named pharaohs, some of whom were historical or can be identified with historical pharaohs.
Shemot, Shemoth, or Shemos (שְׁמוֹת —Hebrew for 'names', the second word, and first distinctive word, of the parashah) is the thirteenth weekly Torah portion (פָּרָשָׁה , parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the first in the Book of Exodus.
The Horus name is the oldest known and used crest of ancient Egyptian rulers. It belongs to the " great five names " of an Egyptian pharaoh . However, modern Egyptologists and linguists are starting to prefer the more neutral term: the " serekh name ".
The total number of distinct Egyptian hieroglyphs increased over time from several hundred in the Middle Kingdom to several thousand during the Ptolemaic Kingdom.. In 1928/1929 Alan Gardiner published an overview of hieroglyphs, Gardiner's sign list, the basic modern standard.
The Seventh Plague of Egypt (1823 painting by John Martin). Va'eira, Va'era, or Vaera (וָאֵרָא —Hebrew for "and I appeared," the first word that God speaks in the parashah, in Exodus 6:3) is the fourteenth weekly Torah portion (פָּרָשָׁה , parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the second in the Book of Exodus.