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The first work on hybrid rockets was performed in the early 1930s at the Soviet Group for the Study of Reactive Motion. Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who would later supervise the design of Sputnik I and the Luna programme, was responsible for the first hybrid propelled rocket launch, the GIRD-9, on 17 August 1933, which reached an altitude of 400 metres (1,300 ft).
Hybrid rocket fuel regression refers to the process by which the fuel grain of a hybrid-propellant rocket is converted from a solid to a gas that is combusted. It encompasses the regression rate, the distance that the fuel surface recedes over a given time, as well as the burn area, the surface area that is being eroded at a given moment.
Rocket Propulsion Elements 7th ed, 2001, Wiley-Interscience. Sutton and Biblarz This book provides a thorough introduction to many facets of rocket engineering and a summary of the various altitude compensating nozzles (pp. 75–84). Aerospaceweb.org This site discusses various types of nozzle including the expansion-deflection design.
Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel. All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some [ note 3 ] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage .
An appalling accident rate [5] led individuals such as G. Harry Stine and Vernon Estes to make model rocketry a safe and widespread hobby by developing and publishing the National Association of Rocketry Model Rocket Safety Code, and by commercially producing safe, professionally designed and manufactured model rocket motors. Model rocketry by ...
It was the first rocket in history to use this technology, flying 8 times between 1964 and 1967. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 1 ] The rocket had a single stage with a thrust of 10.00 kN (MT.27 hybrid rocket motor), a gross mass of 100 kg, a height of 3.40 m, and a diameter of 0.16 m, reaching an apogee of 130 km. [ 6 ] [ 1 ]
RocketMotorTwo is a hybrid rocket engine utilizing solid hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) fuel and liquid nitrous oxide oxidizer – sometimes referred to as an N 2 O/HTPB motor [8] [9] – providing 70,000 pounds-force (310 kN) of thrust. [10] The design makes use of lessons learned during the development of the SpaceShipOne hybrid ...
The number of members has increased to over 190 in 2020. Over the years DARE has developed expertise in all three major rocket propulsion technologies (solid, liquid, and hybrid), with multiple conference papers published each year. 2009 marked DARE's Stratos I launch, which set the European altitude record of 12.5 km for student rockets.