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The firmware comes pre-installed on the computer's motherboard. The name originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. [2] [3] The BIOS firmware was originally proprietary to the IBM PC; it was reverse engineered by some companies (such as Phoenix Technologies) looking to create compatible systems.
The processor executes the SMM code in a separate address space (SMRAM) that has to be made inaccessible to other operating modes of the CPU by the firmware. [7] System Management Mode can address up to 4 GB memory as huge real mode. In x86-64 processors, SMM can address >4 GB memory as real address mode. [8]
Standard PC BIOS is limited to a 16-bit processor mode and 1 MB of addressable memory space, resulting from the design based on the IBM 5150 that used a 16-bit Intel 8088 processor. [ 8 ] [ 34 ] In comparison, the processor mode in a UEFI environment can be either 32-bit ( IA-32 , AArch32) or 64-bit ( x86-64 , Itanium, and AArch64).
Phoenix Technologies Ltd. is an American company that designs, develops and supports core system software for personal computers and other computing devices. The company's products – commonly referred to as BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or firmware – support and enable the compatibility, connectivity, security and management of the various components and technologies used in such devices.
In older Intel/AMD architectures the southbridge is usually linked to the northbridge, which in turn connected to the CPU. Circa 2004 and onward Intel architectures started to link southbridge directly to the CPU (e.g. via Direct Media Interface). Through the use of controller-integrated channel circuitry, the northbridge (or CPU itself) can ...
NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System; NetBT—NetBIOS over TCP/IP; NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk; NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton; NFC—Near-field communication; NFS—Network File System; NGL—aNGeL; NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base; NI—National Instruments; NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card
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ROCm [3] is an Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) software stack for graphics processing unit (GPU) programming. ROCm spans several domains: general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU), high performance computing (HPC), heterogeneous computing.