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  2. Speaker types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_types

    A terminal speaker is the last native speaker of a language; when the terminal speaker dies, they end the final step of the language death process, and the language becomes a dead or extinct language. [11] In the process of language death, the remaining speakers begin to lose some of the vocabulary and grammar of the language.

  3. First language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language

    A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth [1] or within the critical period. In some countries, the term native language or mother tongue refers to the language of one's ethnic group rather than the individual's actual first language.

  4. Near-native speaker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-native_speaker

    The continual training of the second language thus helps to train their linguistic ability and capacity to become near-native speakers. One study on the difference in teaching behaviour between native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) and NNESTs found that NNESTs' attitude towards teaching English is significantly different from that of NESTs.

  5. Language proficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_proficiency

    There is little consistency as to how different organizations classify it. As of 2014, native-level fluency was estimated to require a lexicon between 20,000 and 40,000 words, but basic conversational fluency might require as few as 3,000 words. [3]

  6. Fluency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluency

    Oral fluency or speaking fluency is a measurement both of production and reception of speech, as a fluent speaker must be able to understand and respond to others in conversation. Spoken language is typically characterized by seemingly non-fluent qualities (e.g., fragmentation, pauses, false starts, hesitation, repetition) because of ‘task ...

  7. Linguistic competence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_competence

    The semantic theory of humour is designed to model the native speaker's intuition with regard to humor or, in other words, their humor competence. The theory models and thus defines the concept of funniness and is formulated for an ideal speaker-hearer community i.e. for people whose senses of humor are exactly identical.

  8. Heritage language learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_language_learning

    The difference between native language (or First language) and heritage language is an important distinction to make.The term "native language" tends to be associated with acquisition at a very early age and carries with it the notion that a person will achieve a high amount of fluency and proficiency in this language.

  9. English as a second or foreign language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_second_or...

    Native speakers of many widely spoken languages (including Dutch and all the Romance ones) distinguish voiceless stop pairs /p/, /t/, /k/ from their voiced counterparts /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ merely by their sound (and in Iberian Romance languages, the latter trio does not even need to be stopped, so its native speakers unconsciously pronounce them as ...