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Not all examples of mutualism are also examples of cooperation. Specifically, in by-product mutualism, both participants benefit, but cooperation is not involved. For example, when an elephant defecates, this is beneficial to the elephant as a way to empty waste, and it is also beneficial to a dung beetle that uses the elephant's dung.
Especially for the social sciences, this model helps to provide an integrative, foundational model for interdisciplinary collaboration, teaching and research (see The Four Central Questions of Biological Research Using Ethology as an Example – PDF).
Boasting or bragging is speaking with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities.. Boasting occurs when someone feels a sense of satisfaction or when someone feels that whatever occurred proves their superiority and is recounting accomplishments so that others will feel admiration or envy.
For example, newly dominant male lions often kill cubs in the pride that they did not sire. This behavior is adaptive because killing the cubs eliminates competition for their own offspring and causes the nursing females to come into heat faster, thus allowing more of his genes to enter into the population. Sociobiologists would view this ...
The spiritual descent of Lucifer into Satan, one of the most famous examples of hubris. In the Septuagint, the "hubris is overweening pride, superciliousness or arrogance, often resulting in fatal retribution or nemesis". The word hubris as used in the New Testament parallels the Hebrew word pesha, meaning "transgression". It represents a pride ...
A heavily studied example of a fixed action pattern is the feeding behavior of the Helisoma trivolvis , a type of snail. A study has shown that the intricate connections within the buccal ganglia (see nervous system of gastropods ) form a central system whereby sensory information stimulates feeding in the Helisoma.
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With a positive connotation, pride refers to a content sense of attachment toward one's own or another's choices and actions, or toward a whole group of people and is a product of praise, independent self-reflection and a fulfilled feeling of belonging. Other possible objects of pride are one's ethnicity and one's sex identity (for example ...