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Sir James Dewar FRS FRSE (/ dj uː ər / DEW-ər; [1] 20 September 1842 – 27 March 1923) was a Scottish chemist and physicist.He is best known for his invention of the vacuum flask, which he used in conjunction with research into the liquefaction of gases.
Caffenol is a photographic alternative process whereby phenols, sodium carbonate and optionally vitamin C are used in aqueous solution as a film and print photographic developer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other basic (as opposed to acidic ) chemicals can be used in place of sodium carbonate; however, sodium carbonate is the most common.
The condensed liquids flowed down the sloping pipes in the same direction as the gas. As long as gas flow was slow, this was an effective method for the removal of naphthalene. Vertical air condensers had gas and tar outlets. The annular atmospheric condenser was easier to control with respect to cooling rates.
The average temperature decrease is 3.6 °F (2.0 °C) per 300-meter (1,000 ft) increase in altitude, and at 12,000 meters (40,000 ft), the temperature can approach −57 °C (−70 °F). Additives like benzene, with a freezing point of 6 °C (42 °F), would freeze in the gasoline and plug fuel lines.
[citation needed] During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical measure, [6] in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced. [citation needed] Al-Khazini, in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (1121), invented a hydrostatic balance. [7]
The gas reactions that have been most successfully adapted to flow are hydrogenation and carbonylation, [9] [10] although work has also been performed using other gases, e.g. ethylene and ozone. [11] Reasons for the suitability of flow systems for hazardous gas handling are: Systems allow the use of a fixed bed catalyst. Combined with low ...
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde (11 June 1842 – 16 November 1934) was a German scientist, engineer, and businessman. He discovered the refrigeration cycle and invented the first industrial-scale air separation and gas liquefaction processes, which led to the first reliable and efficient compressed-ammonia refrigerator in 1876.