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Orthotropic materials are a subset of anisotropic materials; their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. Orthotropic materials have three planes/axes of symmetry. An isotropic material, in contrast, has the same properties in every direction. It can be proved that a material having two planes of symmetry must have a ...
The Poisson ratio of an orthotropic material is different in each direction (x, y and z). However, the symmetry of the stress and strain tensors implies that not all the six Poisson's ratios in the equation are independent. There are only nine independent material properties: three elastic moduli, three shear moduli, and three Poisson's ratios.
Orthotropic may refer to: Orthotropic material is one that has different material properties or strengths in different orthogonal directions (e.g., glass-reinforced plastic, or wood) Orthotropic deck, in bridge design, is one made from solid steel plate; Orthotropic movement, in botany, is a type of tropism along the same axis as the stimulus
This means that the values for E, G and v are the same in any material direction. More complex material behaviour like orthotropic material behaviour can be identified by extended IET procedures. A material is called orthotropic when the elastic properties are symmetric with respect to a rectangular Cartesian system of axes. In case of a two ...
Cubic materials are special orthotropic materials that are invariant with respect to 90° rotations with respect to the principal axes, i.e., the material is the same along its principal axes. Due to these additional symmetries the stiffness tensor can be written with just three different material properties like
Anisotropic material models are available for linear elasticity. In the nonlinear regime, the modeling is often restricted to orthotropic material models which do not capture the physics for all heterogeneous materials. An important goal of micromechanics is predicting the anisotropic response of the heterogeneous material on the basis of the ...
Therefore, for cubic materials, we can think of anisotropy, , as the ratio between the empirically determined shear modulus for the cubic material and its (isotropic) equivalent: = / [(+)] = (+). The latter expression is known as the Zener ratio , a r {\displaystyle a_{r}} , where C i j {\displaystyle C_{ij}} refers to elastic constants in ...
For orthotropic materials with three planes of symmetry oriented with the coordinate directions, if we assume that = and that there is no coupling between the normal and shear stress terms (and between the shear terms), the general form of the Tsai–Wu failure criterion reduces to