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The hole drilling method is a method for measuring residual stresses, [1] [2] in a material. Residual stress occurs in a material in the absence of external loads. Residual stress interacts with the applied loading on the material to affect the overall strength, fatigue, and corrosion performance of the material.
A strain gauge (also spelled strain gage) is a device used to measure strain on an object. Invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern.
A type of strain gauge called a crack-mouth clip gage is used to measure the crack opening. [3] The crack tip plastically deforms until a critical point after which a cleavage crack is initiated that may lead to either partial or complete failure. The critical load and strain gauge measurements at the load are noted and a graph is plotted.
Gauge factor (GF) or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical resistance R, to the mechanical strain ε. The gauge factor is defined as: [ 1 ] G F = Δ R / R Δ L / L = Δ R / R ε = 1 + 2 ν + Δ ρ / ρ ε {\displaystyle GF={\frac {\Delta R/R}{\Delta L/L}}={\frac {\Delta R/R}{\varepsilon }}=1+2\nu +{\frac ...
A strain gauge sensor measures the deformation of the elastic element, and the output of the sensor is converted by an electronic circuit to a signal that represents the load. Capacitive strain gauges measure the deformation of the elastic material using the change in capacitance of two plates as the plates move closer to each other.
The Hopkinson pressure bar was first suggested by Bertram Hopkinson in 1914 [1] as a way to measure stress pulse propagation in a metal bar. Later, in 1949 Herbert Kolsky [2] refined Hopkinson's technique by using two Hopkinson bars in series, now known as the split-Hopkinson bar, to measure stress and strain, incorporating advancements in the cathode ray oscilloscope in conjunction with ...
The template formats a track gauge size into standard notation and adds the conversion into the imperial/metric (other) size Template parameters [Edit template data] Parameter Description Type Status Track gauge definition 1 Defined track gauge, in mm or ft in. Also can accept: ' '', m, gauge name String required Link top measurement units lk =on: adds link to the gauge defining article String ...
Though the Simmons was the first to invent the resistance wire strain gauge, both men are credited with the discovery and share the original patent. The trade name of the device, SR-4, which stands for “Simmons Ruge – 4 people,” acknowledges both men and indicates that four people (Simmons, Ruge and their respective assistants) were ...