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Labour or labor may refer to: Childbirth, the delivery of a baby; Labour (human activity), or work Manual labour, physical work; Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer; Organized labour and the labour movement, consisting principally of labour unions; Labour Party or Labor Party, a name used by several ...
Marx considered the "elementary factors of the labor-process" or "productive forces" to be: Labor; Subject of labor (objects transformed by labor) Instruments of labor (or means of labor). [10] The "subject of labor" refers to natural resources and raw materials, including land. The "instruments of labor" are tools, in the broadest sense.
Some theories focus on human capital, or entrepreneurship, (which refers to the skills that workers possess and not necessarily the actual work that they produce). Labour is unique to study because it is a special type of good that cannot be separated from the owner (i.e. the work cannot be separated from the person who does it).
This term refers to the general activity of performing tasks, whether they are paid or unpaid, formal or informal. Work encompasses all types of productive activities, including employment, household chores, volunteering, and creative pursuits. It is a broad term that encompasses any effort or activity directed towards achieving a particular goal.
For Marx, Arbeitskraft, which he sometimes instead refers to as Arbeitsvermögen ("labour-ability" or "labour-capacity") refers to a "force of nature": [7] [8] the physical ability of human beings and other living things to perform work, including mental labour and skills such as manual dexterity, in addition to sheer physical exertion. Labour ...
"Abstract" labor refers to a characteristic of commodity-producing labor that is shared by all different kinds of heterogeneous (concrete) types of labor. That is, the concept abstracts from the particular characteristics of all of the labor and is akin to average labor.
Human resource management (unitarism): employment is a long-term partnership of employees and employers with common interests; Pluralist industrial relations: employment is a bargained exchange between stakeholders with some common and some competing economic interests and unequal bargaining power due to imperfect labor markets [44]
Abstract labour and concrete labour refer to a distinction made by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.It refers to the difference between human labour in general as economically valuable worktime versus human labour as a particular activity that has a specific useful effect within the (capitalist) mode of production.