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Labour or labor may refer to: Childbirth, the delivery of a baby; Labour (human activity), or work Manual labour, physical work; Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer; Organized labour and the labour movement, consisting principally of labour unions; Labour Party or Labor Party, a name used by several ...
Marx considered the "elementary factors of the labor-process" or "productive forces" to be: Labor; Subject of labor (objects transformed by labor) Instruments of labor (or means of labor). [10] The "subject of labor" refers to natural resources and raw materials, including land. The "instruments of labor" are tools, in the broadest sense.
This term refers to the general activity of performing tasks, whether they are paid or unpaid, formal or informal. Work encompasses all types of productive activities, including employment, household chores, volunteering, and creative pursuits. It is a broad term that encompasses any effort or activity directed towards achieving a particular goal.
The proletariat (/ ˌ p r oʊ l ɪ ˈ t ɛər i ə t /; from Latin proletarius 'producing offspring') is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). [1]
Some theories focus on human capital, or entrepreneurship, (which refers to the skills that workers possess and not necessarily the actual work that they produce). Labour is unique to study because it is a special type of good that cannot be separated from the owner (i.e. the work cannot be separated from the person who does it).
For Marx, Arbeitskraft, which he sometimes instead refers to as Arbeitsvermögen ("labour-ability" or "labour-capacity") refers to a "force of nature": [7] [8] the physical ability of human beings and other living things to perform work, including mental labour and skills such as manual dexterity, in addition to sheer physical exertion. Labour ...
"Abstract" labor refers to a characteristic of commodity-producing labor that is shared by all different kinds of heterogeneous (concrete) types of labor. That is, the concept abstracts from the particular characteristics of all of the labor and is akin to average labor.
The means of labor and the subject of labor comprise the means of production of society. [full citation needed] [page needed] In some formulations, the means of labor and human labor (including the activity itself as well as the laborer's skills and knowledge used in production) comprise the productive forces of society (e.g., Sheptulin, 1978).