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Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations that take place during pregnancy that enable the accommodation of the developing embryo and fetus. These are normal physiological adaptations that cause changes in behavior , the functioning of the heart , blood vessels , and blood , metabolism including increases in blood sugar ...
The breasts change during pregnancy to prepare for lactation, and more changes occur immediately after the birth. Progesterone is the hormone that influences the growth of breast tissue before the birth. Afterwards, the endocrine system shifts from producing hormones that prevent lactation to ones that trigger milk production. [3]
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
To help increase rates of breastfeeding in the US, the 2010 Affordable Care Act required some employers to give nursing parents a private space and enough time to pump breast milk during the day ...
While breastfeeding, prolactin suppresses gonadotropin secretion, potentially delaying ovulation. Ovulation may resume before the return of menstruation during this time. [2] Although hyperprolactinemia can result from normal physiological changes during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it can also be caused by other etiologies.
In women, hyperprolactinemia is often associated with amenorrhea, a condition that resembles the physiological situation during lactation (lactational amenorrhea). Mechanical detection of suckling increases prolactin levels in the body to increase milk synthesis.
Regular breastfeeding can and should be continued. [6] Medical methods of treating engorged breasts are proteolytic enzymes such as serrapeptase, protease, and subcutaneous oxytocin. Cabbage leaves are often cited as a possible treatment but studies have found they provide "no overall benefit" on breast engorgement. [ 6 ]
Mothers experiencing breastfeeding difficulties are often being referred to the lactation consultants attached to the maternity unit or a child-and-family health center. [9] Lactation consultants provide breastfeeding assistance, training and advice for the mother-infant pairs facing challenges during breastfeeding. [40] [41]