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The sonata form (also sonata-allegro form or first movement form) is a musical structure generally consisting of three main sections: an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation. It has been used widely since the middle of the 18th century (the early Classical period ).
Sonata Theory understands the rhetorical layout of a sonata as progressing through a set of action spaces and moments of "structural punctuation." [8] These action spaces largely correlate with the "themes" or "groups" of the sonata, though each space is differentiated primarily by the unique generic goal that the music pursues within that particular space.
Portrait of composer C.P.E. Bach. The older Italian sonata form differs considerably from the later sonata in the works of the Viennese Classical masters. [1] Between the two main types, the older Italian and the more "modern" Viennese sonata, various transitional types are manifest in the middle of the 18th century, in the works of the Mannheim composers, Johann Stamitz, Franz Xaver Richter ...
The second movement is in E ♭ major and is also in sonata form. Its opening melody is often compared to the later music of Chopin. [2] The exposition starts in the tonic key and ends in the dominant key. The development plays around with the first theme of the exposition, slowly building intensity until both hands play constant sixteenth notes.
Although various composers in the 17th century had written keyboard pieces which they entitled "Sonata", it was only in the classical era, when the piano displaced the earlier harpsichord and sonata form rose to prominence as a principle of musical composition, that the term "piano sonata" acquired a definite meaning and a characteristic form.
The overall key of this movement is G Minor, with a lot of modulation both to closer and more distant keys. The structure of the movement is Sonata form (made up of the Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation), with a Codetta and then a Coda. [7] It is in Allegro moderato. It relies on energy and chromaticism to attract the audience. [4]
In music, a sonata (/ s ə ˈ n ɑː t ə /; pl. sonate) [a] literally means a piece played as opposed to a cantata (Latin and Italian cantare, "to sing"), a piece sung. [1]: 17 The term evolved through the history of music, designating a variety of forms until the Classical era, when it took on increasing importance.
James Webster noted the particular A–B–A form of the first movement's first thematic group. [6] Daniel Coren summarised the nature of the recapitulations in the first and third movements. [7] Leo Black noted Schubert's reworking of the opening theme from the sonata's slow movement into his song "Der Unglückliche". [8]