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All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable being regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. [3] The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, either external or internal. Receptors include thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
An effector hormone is a hormone that acts on a particular tissue - an example of such a hormone is thyroxine (T4), which regulates metabolism in many tissues throughout the body. [6] Antibody Effectors are effectors involved with the production and secretion of molecules involved in pathogen defense, such as Immunoglobulin. Many antibodies ...
In cell biology, an effector cell is any of various types of cell that actively responds to a stimulus and effects some change (brings it about). Examples of effector cells include: The muscle, gland or organ cell capable of responding to a stimulus at the terminal end of an efferent nerve fiber; Plasma cell, an effector B cell in the immune system
Specificity of signaling between a GPCR and its ultimate molecular target through a cAMP-dependent pathway may be achieved through formation of a multiprotein complex that includes the GPCR, adenylyl cyclase, and the effector protein. [12]
Homeostatic imbalances that can serve as internal stimuli include nutrient and ion levels in the blood, oxygen levels, and water levels. Deviations from the homeostatic ideal may generate a homeostatic emotion , such as pain, thirst or fatigue, that motivates behavior that will restore the body to stasis (such as withdrawal, drinking or resting).
Given the diversity of effectors, they affect a wide variety of intracellular processes. The T3SS effectors of pathogenic E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia regulate actin dynamics to facilitate their own attachment or invasion, subvert endocytic trafficking, block phagocytosis, modulate apoptotic pathways, and manipulate innate immunity as well as host responses.
You've heard it a million times: Eat fewer calories, lose weight. But what if you're in a calorie deficit—consuming fewer calories than you're burning—and still not losing?
In this way, T h 17 cell lineage appears to be one of the three major subsets of effector T cells, as these cells are involved in regulation of neutrophils, while T h 2 cells regulate eosinophils, basophils and mast cells, and T h 1 cells regulate macrophages and monocytes. [10]