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  2. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution or unit normal distribution. This is a special case when μ = 0 {\textstyle \mu =0} and σ 2 = 1 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}=1} , and it is described by this probability density function (or density): φ ( z ) = e − z 2 2 2 π . {\displaystyle \varphi (z ...

  3. Normal probability plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_probability_plot

    Normal probability plots are made of raw data, residuals from model fits, and estimated parameters. A normal probability plot. In a normal probability plot (also called a "normal plot"), the sorted data are plotted vs. values selected to make the resulting image look close to a straight line if the data are approximately normally distributed.

  4. List of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability...

    The skew normal distribution; Student's t-distribution, useful for estimating unknown means of Gaussian populations. The noncentral t-distribution; The skew t distribution; The Champernowne distribution; The type-1 Gumbel distribution; The Tracy–Widom distribution; The Voigt distribution, or Voigt profile, is the convolution of a normal ...

  5. Shape of a probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_a_probability...

    Considerations of the shape of a distribution arise in statistical data analysis, where simple quantitative descriptive statistics and plotting techniques such as histograms can lead on to the selection of a particular family of distributions for modelling purposes. The normal distribution, often called the "bell curve" Exponential distribution

  6. Normality test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normality_test

    A graphical tool for assessing normality is the normal probability plot, a quantile-quantile plot (QQ plot) of the standardized data against the standard normal distribution. Here the correlation between the sample data and normal quantiles (a measure of the goodness of fit) measures how well the data are modeled by a normal distribution. For ...

  7. Rayleigh distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_distribution

    In probability theory and statistics, the Rayleigh distribution is a continuous probability distribution for nonnegative-valued random variables. Up to rescaling, it coincides with the chi distribution with two degrees of freedom .

  8. Multivariate normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_normal...

    The equidensity contours of a non-singular multivariate normal distribution are ellipsoids (i.e. affine transformations of hyperspheres) centered at the mean. [28] Hence the multivariate normal distribution is an example of the class of elliptical distributions.

  9. Probability distribution fitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution...

    When the smaller values tend to be farther away from the mean than the larger values, one has a skew distribution to the left (i.e. there is negative skewness), one may for example select the square-normal distribution (i.e. the normal distribution applied to the square of the data values), [1] the inverted (mirrored) Gumbel distribution, [1 ...

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