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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults (about 2–4 ng/mL). [2]
Markers can help with assessing prognosis, surveilling patients after surgical removal of tumors, and even predicting drug-response and monitor therapy. [1] Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer. [2]
The objective of this study was to compare different tumor markers and their diagnostic value. The tumor markers tested in this experiment were CA 19-9, CA 242 and CEA tumor markers. The data revealed that although each marker have its own level of specificity and correspond to a cancer, all three makers together increase diagnostic value. [7]
Carotid endarterectomy is used to reduce the risk of strokes caused by carotid artery stenosis over time. Carotid stenosis can either have symptoms (i.e., be symptomatic), or be found by a doctor in the absence of symptoms (asymptomatic) - and the risk-reduction from endarterectomy is greater for symptomatic than asymptomatic patients.
After cancer treatment ends patients will also usually have check-ups and scans arranged. Macmillan reminds us patients may need to recover from the emotional impacts, perhaps feeling anxious or ...
The most accurate results are obtained after sitting in a low-stress environment for five minutes, Serwer noted. "Avoid stimulants before measuring your pressure, as caffeine will raise it ...
You may have heard of ‘chemo brain;’ some chemo patients describe experiencing memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and a feeling of mental fogginess during or after chemotherapy.”
Often, even with a successful surgery, the patient would have a poor prognosis. If the cancer is widely disseminated, it is likely that after the surgical removal of all known metastases, new ones will occur elsewhere. Sometimes, surgery itself has a low likelihood of success due to the location and/or extensiveness of the cancer.