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A meta-analysis of several small studies does not always predict the results of a single large study. [103] Some have argued that a weakness of the method is that sources of bias are not controlled by the method: a good meta-analysis cannot correct for poor design or bias in the original studies. [104]
The area of each square is proportional to the study's weight in the meta-analysis. The overall meta-analysed measure of effect is often represented on the plot as a dashed vertical line. This meta-analysed measure of effect is commonly plotted as a diamond, the lateral points of which indicate confidence intervals for this estimate.
The aim of the PRISMA statement is to help authors improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. [3] PRISMA has mainly focused on systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized trials, but it can also be used as a basis for reporting reviews of other types of research (e.g., diagnostic studies, observational studies).
A review and meta-analysis published in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ... An observational study ... This was based on a comprehensive analysis of medical data from people ages 16–35 years who ...
A meta-analysis with some or all studies having more than two arms is called network meta-analysis, indirect meta-analysis, or a multiple treatment comparison. Despite also being an umbrella term, meta-analysis sometimes implies that all included studies have strictly two arms each—same two treatments in all trials—to distinguish itself ...
Anthropological survey paper from 1961 by Juhan Aul from University of Tartu who measured about 50 000 people. In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.
Funnel plots, introduced by Light and Pillemer in 1984 [1] and discussed in detail by Matthias Egger and colleagues, [2] [3] are useful adjuncts to meta-analyses. A funnel plot is a scatterplot of treatment effect against a measure of study precision.
In statistics, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale is a tool used for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies included in a systematic review and/or meta-analyses.Using the tool, each study is judged on eight items, categorized into three groups: the selection of the study groups; the comparability of the groups; and the ascertainment of either the exposure or outcome of interest for case ...