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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB medications (drugs): isoniazid and rifampicin. Some forms of TB are also resistant to second-line medications, and are called extensively drug-resistant TB .
The second-line drugs (WHO groups 2, 3, and 4) are only used to treat disease that is resistant to first line therapy (i.e., for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)).
Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Overlapping with MDRGN, a group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of particular recent importance have been dubbed as the ESKAPE group ( Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species).
As of 2014, the only licensed indication of the drug bedaquiline is in the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, primarily due to concerns about safety. [ citation needed ] Synthesis of 1,4-diarylquinolines
Tuberculosis (TB) resistant to antibiotics is called MDR TB (multidrug-resistant TB). Globally, MDR TB causes 150,000 deaths annually. [13] The rise of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has contributed to this. [14] Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate pathogen that has evolved to ensure its persistence in human populations. [15]
Combination therapies are essential for treating active tuberculosis infections. Currently, there are four first-line tuberculosis drugs given as a combination therapy over an extended period of time. Some strains of the tuberculosis pathogen are resistant to two (called MDR-TB) or at least four (called XDR-TB) first-line tuberculosis drugs. [13]
Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB) is a generic term for tuberculosis strains that are resistant to a wider range of drugs than strains classified as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis is tuberculosis that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone, and any of the three ...
Amikacin is an antibiotic medication used for a number of bacterial infections. [9] This includes joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. [9] It is also used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. [10] It is used by injection into a vein using an IV or into a ...