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Low-threshold calcium spikes have been described in neurons from a variety of brain nuclei, including the thalamic relay, medial pontine reticular formation, lateral habenula, septum, deep cerebellar nuclei, CA1-CA3 of the hippocampus, association cortex, paraventricular and preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, dorsal raphe, globus pallidus ...
In pharmacology, the term ceiling effect refers to the property of increasing doses of a given medication to have progressively smaller incremental effect (an example of diminishing returns). Mixed agonist-antagonist opioids , such as nalbuphine , serve as a classic example of the ceiling effect; increasing the dose of a narcotic frequently ...
Low-threshold treatment programs are harm reduction-based health care centers targeted towards people who use substances. [1] " Low-threshold" programs are programs that make minimal demands on the patient, offering services without attempting to control their intake of drugs, and providing counselling only if requested.
These findings illustrate that there are high frequencies of SMPO in dorsal cells and low frequencies in the ventral cells. [ 13 ] [ 19 ] A similar study that did whole-cell recordings of olivary neurons in vivo to investigate the relationship between subthreshold activities and spiking behavior in an intact brain illustrates that the majority ...
Loop diuretics usually have a ceiling effect whereby doses greater than a certain maximum amount will not increase the clinical effect of the drug. Also, there is a threshold minimum concentration of loop diuretics that needs to be achieved at the thick ascending limb to enable the onset of abrupt diuresis. [10]
In vitro studies in rats have shown that many neurons in the VLPO that are inhibited by norepinephrine or acetylcholine are multipolar triangular shaped cells with low threshold spikes. [9] These triangular multipolar neurons exist in two sub-populations in the VLPO: Type 1 – inhibited by serotonin. Type 2 – excited by serotonin and adenosine.
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The "ceiling effect" is one type of scale attenuation effect; [1] the other scale attenuation effect is the "floor effect". The ceiling effect is observed when an independent variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable , or the level above which variance in an independent variable is no longer measurable. [ 2 ]