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People with low caffeine intake have a decreased performance later in the day, compared to moderate and a high-level caffeine intake. Thus the effect of caffeine on short-term memory can differ due to many other factors and thus cannot be instantly generalized. [6]
The inhibition of the phosphodiesterase would lead to a buildup of cAMP, increasing the activity of the second messenger throughout the cell. Though this mechanism is possible, it only occurs after levels of caffeine have reached a toxic level, and therefore it is unlikely to explain the mechanism of caffeine in the brain. [9]
In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. [9] During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions of effort and peripheral muscle fatigue. [9]
In the brain, caffeine blocks or impedes the effect of adenosine, a building block of nucleic acid found in all of the cells in the body. Ordinarily, adenosine is a central nervous system ...
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When alcohol and caffeine are consumed jointly, the effects of the caffeine are changed, but the alcohol effects remain the same. [157] For example, consuming additional caffeine does not reduce the effect of alcohol. [157] However, the jitteriness and alertness given by caffeine is decreased when additional alcohol is consumed. [157]
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Drinking 1-3 cups of coffee per day does not affect the risk of hypertension compared to drinking little or no coffee. However those who drink 2–4 cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk. [118] Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. [119]