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What is the fastest algorithm for matrix multiplication? Can all-pairs shortest paths be computed in strongly sub-cubic time, that is, in time O(V 3−ϵ) for some ϵ>0? Can the Schwartz–Zippel lemma for polynomial identity testing be derandomized? Does linear programming admit a strongly polynomial-time algorithm?
Whether randomized algorithms with polynomial time complexity can be the fastest algorithm for some problems is an open question known as the P versus NP problem. There are two large classes of such algorithms: Monte Carlo algorithms return a correct answer with high probability. E.g.
Theorem — For any algorithms a 1 and a 2, at iteration step m (,,) = (,,), where denotes the ordered set of size of the cost values associated to input values , : is the function being optimized and (,,) is the conditional probability of obtaining a given sequence of cost values from algorithm run times on function .
Since algorithms are platform-independent (i.e. a given algorithm can be implemented in an arbitrary programming language on an arbitrary computer running an arbitrary operating system), there are additional significant drawbacks to using an empirical approach to gauge the comparative performance of a given set of algorithms.
A decision problem is a question which, for every input in some infinite set of inputs, answers "yes" or "no". [2] Those inputs can be numbers (for example, the decision problem "is the input a prime number?") or values of some other kind, such as strings of a formal language.
Introduction to Algorithms is a book on computer programming by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. The book is described by its publisher as "the leading algorithms text in universities worldwide as well as the standard reference for professionals". [ 1 ]
Other operations specific to the problem in question The overall set of computations for a dynamic problem is called a dynamic algorithm . Many algorithmic problems stated in terms of fixed input data (called static problems in this context and solved by static algorithms ) have meaningful dynamic versions.
If 'algorithm' is understood as meaning a method that can be represented as a Turing machine, and with the answer to the latter question negative (in general), the question about the existence of an algorithm for the Entscheidungsproblem also must be negative (in general). In his 1936 paper, Turing says: "Corresponding to each computing machine ...