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The practical importance of high (i.e. close to 1) transference numbers of the charge-shuttling ion (i.e. Li+ in lithium-ion batteries) is related to the fact, that in single-ion devices (such as lithium-ion batteries) electrolytes with the transfer number of the ion near 1, concentration gradients do not develop. A constant electrolyte ...
The exchange current density depends critically on the nature of the electrode, not only its structure, but also physical parameters such as surface roughness. Of course, factors that change the composition of the electrode, including passivating oxides and adsorbed species on the surface, also influence the electron transfer. The nature of the ...
These equations were applied to an extensive range of experimental data at 25 °C with excellent agreement to about 6 mol kg −1 for various types of electrolyte. [12] [13] The treatment can be extended to mixed electrolytes [14] and to include association equilibria. [15]
The Bromley equation [11] has also been compared to both SIT and Pitzer equations. [12] It has been shown that the SIT equation is a practical simplification of a more complicated hypothesis, [13] that is rigorously applicable only at trace concentrations of reactant and product species immersed in a surrounding electrolyte medium.
These equations are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water. For some complex electrolytes, Ge et al. [ 12 ] obtained the new set of Bromley parameters using up-to-date measured or critically reviewed osmotic coefficient or activity coefficient data.
They appear in the Butler–Volmer equation and related expressions. The symmetry factor and the charge transfer coefficient are dimensionless. [1] According to an IUPAC definition, [2] for a reaction with a single rate-determining step, the charge transfer coefficient for a cathodic reaction (the cathodic transfer coefficient, α c) is defined as:
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This equation is the equation of a straight line for as a function of pH with a slope of () volt (pH has no units). This equation predicts lower E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} at higher pH values. This is observed for the reduction of O 2 into H 2 O, or OH − , and for reduction of H + into H 2 .