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TensorFlow offers a set of optimizers for training neural networks, including ADAM, ADAGRAD, and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). [41] When training a model, different optimizers offer different modes of parameter tuning, often affecting a model's convergence and performance.
Keras is an open-source library that provides a Python interface for artificial neural networks. Keras was first independent software, then integrated into the TensorFlow library, and later supporting more. "Keras 3 is a full rewrite of Keras [and can be used] as a low-level cross-framework language to develop custom components such as layers ...
It includes the Zero Redundancy Optimizer (ZeRO) for training models with 1 trillion or more parameters. [4] Features include mixed precision training, single-GPU, multi-GPU, and multi-node training as well as custom model parallelism. The DeepSpeed source code is licensed under MIT License and available on GitHub. [5]
Aside from their empirical performance, activation functions also have different mathematical properties: Nonlinear When the activation function is non-linear, then a two-layer neural network can be proven to be a universal function approximator. [6] This is known as the Universal Approximation Theorem. The identity activation function does not ...
Within machine learning, approaches to optimization in 2023 are dominated by Adam-derived optimizers. TensorFlow and PyTorch, by far the most popular machine learning libraries, [ 20 ] as of 2023 largely only include Adam-derived optimizers, as well as predecessors to Adam such as RMSprop and classic SGD.
In this manner, a clear separation of concerns is obtained: different optimization software modules can be easily tested on the same function f, or a given optimization software can be used for different functions f. The following tables provide a list of notable optimization software organized according to license and business model type.
In machine learning, hyperparameter optimization [1] or tuning is the problem of choosing a set of optimal hyperparameters for a learning algorithm. A hyperparameter is a parameter whose value is used to control the learning process, which must be configured before the process starts.
Here some test functions are presented with the aim of giving an idea about the different situations that optimization algorithms have to face when coping with these kinds of problems. In the first part, some objective functions for single-objective optimization cases are presented.