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Histidine (symbol His or H) [2] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH 3 + form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO − form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a ...
Histidine is thus able to act as a powerful general base, activating the serine nucleophile. The histidine base aids the first leaving group by donating a proton, and also activates the hydrolytic water substrate by abstracting a proton as the remaining OH − attacks the acyl-enzyme intermediate.
The two main systems in humans are the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The malate/a-ketoglutarate antiporter functions move electrons while the aspartate/glutamate antiporter moves amino groups. This allows the mitochondria to receive the substrates that it needs for its functionality in an efficient manner. [1]
A holoprotein or conjugated protein is an apoprotein combined with its prosthetic group. [1]Some enzymes do not need additional components to show full activity. Others require non-protein molecules called cofactors to be bound for activity. [2]
Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It provides organisms with nutrients , which can be metabolized to create energy and chemical structures.
Imidazole is the side chain of histidine and is typically used at a concentration of 150 - 500 mM for elution. Histidine or histamine can also be used. Decrease in pH; When the pH decreases, the histidine residue is protonated and can no longer coordinate the metal tag, allowing the protein to be eluted.
The proton motive force and ATP production can be maintained by intracellular acidosis. [88] Cytosolic protons that have accumulated with ATP hydrolysis and lactic acidosis can freely diffuse across the mitochondrial outer-membrane and acidify the inter-membrane space, hence directly contributing to the proton motive force and ATP production.
Overview of the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle, or TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) [1] [2] —is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.