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Cell shape is generally characteristic of a given bacterial species, but can vary depending on growth conditions. Some bacteria have complex life cycles involving the production of stalks and appendages (e.g. Caulobacter) and some produce elaborate structures bearing reproductive spores (e.g. Myxococcus, Streptomyces).
One of the earliest prokaryotic cells to have evolved, bacteria have been around for at least 3.5 billion years and live in just about every environment imaginable. Explore the structure of a bacteria cell with our three-dimensional graphics.
Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are structurally much simpler than eukaryotic cells and the two cell types are compared in Table 3.2. They consists of various cell surface structures, cell wall, plasma membrane, many cytoplasmic inclusions, and the bacterial chromosome (nucleoid).
All bacteria, both pathogenic and saprophytic, are unicellular organisms that reproduce by binary fission. Most bacteria are capable of independent metabolic existence and growth, but species of Chlamydia and Rickettsia are obligately intracellular organisms.
The structure of the bacteria consists of three major parts: Outer layer (cell envelope), cell interior, and additional structures. Outer layer (Cell envelope): It includes the cell wall of bacteria and the plasma membrane beneath it.
Only in the past 20 years, with the advent of cryogenic EM (cryo-EM), have researchers been able to visualize the internal structure of small cells like bacteria and archaea in a native, unperturbed state.
🧫 Bacteria are unicellular organisms with a simple structure. 🏢 A typical bacterial cell resembles a plant cell and has a complex membrane, cell walls, cytoplasm, and nucleoids. 🧱 The cell envelope comprises a rigid cell wall and an underlying cytoplasmic or plasma membrane.
A bacterial cell (Fig. 2.5) shows a typical prokaryotic structure. The cytoplasm is enclosed by three layers, the outermost slime or capsule, the middle cell wall and inner cell membrane.
The single circular double-stranded chromosome is the bacterial genome. Other structures include cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes, ribosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions. Unlike eukaryotes cytoplasm does not contain ribosome, Golgi, cytoskeleton.
The Atlas of Bacterial & Archaeal Cell Structure, an open-access digital textbook, showcases microbial cells imaged by 3D electron microscopy