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Capacitive sensors are constructed from many different media, such as copper, indium tin oxide (ITO) and printed ink. Copper capacitive sensors can be implemented on standard FR4 PCBs as well as on flexible material. ITO allows the capacitive sensor to be up to 90% transparent (for one layer solutions, such as touch phone screens).
Liquids have a higher dielectric constant than gas; when an air bubble is in a fluid-filled tube the capacitance is reduced and the output voltage rises. [3] The size of the bubble is inversely related to the measured capacitance. Table 1 shows an example of the characteristics of a particular capacitive sensor being researched. [4]
Capacitive displacement sensors share many similarities to eddy current (or inductive) displacement sensors; however capacitive sensors use an electric field as opposed to the magnetic field used by eddy current sensors [10] [11] This leads to a variety of differences between the two sensing technologies, with the most notable differences being ...
Additionally there must be a way to excite and detect signal to and from each electrode. The lack of constraints on the sensor design allow it to be made out of a variety of materials and take a plethora of forms including flexible walled, high temperature performance, high pressure performance, thin walled, elbowed and flat sensors.
These probes are attached to the pig before it is sent through the polyethylene pipe to detect any defects in the outside of the pipe wall. This is done by using a triple-plate capacitive sensor in which electrostatic waves are propagated outward through the pipe's wall. Any change in dielectric material results in a change in capacitance. [17]
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge. The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'.
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Magnets in the paddle spin past the sensor. The electrical pulses produced are proportional to the rate of flow. Paddle wheel flowmeters (also known as Pelton wheel sensors) consist of three primary components: the paddle wheel sensor, the pipe fitting and the display/controller. The paddle wheel sensor consists of a freely rotating wheel ...