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Capacitive sensors are constructed from many different media, such as copper, indium tin oxide (ITO) and printed ink. Copper capacitive sensors can be implemented on standard FR4 PCBs as well as on flexible material. ITO allows the capacitive sensor to be up to 90% transparent (for one layer solutions, such as touch phone screens).
Capacitance sensors (or Dielectric sensors) use capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of a surrounding medium. The configuration is like the neutron probe where an access tube made of PVC is installed in the soil ; probes can also be modular (comb-like) and connected to a logger.
Liquids have a higher dielectric constant than gas; when an air bubble is in a fluid-filled tube the capacitance is reduced and the output voltage rises. [3] The size of the bubble is inversely related to the measured capacitance. Table 1 shows an example of the characteristics of a particular capacitive sensor being researched. [4]
Capacitive displacement sensors can be used to measure the position of objects down to the nanometer level. This type of precise positioning is used in the semiconductor industry where silicon wafers need to be positioned for exposure. Capacitive sensors are also used to pre-focus the electron microscopes used in testing and examining the wafers.
Additionally there must be a way to excite and detect signal to and from each electrode. The lack of constraints on the sensor design allow it to be made out of a variety of materials and take a plethora of forms including flexible walled, high temperature performance, high pressure performance, thin walled, elbowed and flat sensors.
The vapour-sensing tube leak detection method involves the installation of a tube along the entire length of the pipeline. This tube – in cable form – is highly permeable to the substances to be detected in the particular application. If a leak occurs, the substances to be measured come into contact with the tube in the form of vapour, gas ...
Both the rheostatic and capacitive types often take the form of a cord, tape, or mesh. The third type of sensor uses high performance piezoelectric systems in soft, flexible/stretchable formats for measuring signals using the capability of piezoelectric materials to interconvert mechanical and electrical forms of energy.
Variations in the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the test object, and the presence of defects causes a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in phase and amplitude that can be detected by measuring the impedance changes in the coil, which is a telltale sign of the presence of defects. [5]
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