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B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. [1] They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. [1] B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of B-cell receptors. [2]
The first epitope-based vaccine was developed in 1985 by Jacob et al. [28] Epitope-based vaccines stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses using isolated B-cell or T-cell epitopes. [28] [22] [17] These vaccines can use multiple epitopes to increase their efficacy. [28] To find epitopes to use for the vaccine, in silico mapping is often ...
This is the organism's ability to tolerate the introduction of cells prior to the development of an immune response as long as it occurs early in the organism's development. There are a vast number of lymphocytes occurring in the immune system, ranging from cells that tolerate self tissue to cells that do not.
T-independent memory B cells. T-independent memory B cells are a subset called B1 cells. These cells generally reside in the peritoneal cavity. When reintroduced to antigen, some of these B1 cells can differentiate into memory B cells without interacting with a T cell. [4] These B cells produce IgM antibodies to help clear infection. [20]
Physiological psychology studies many topics relating to the body's response to a behavior or activity in an organism. [3] It concerns the brain cells, structures, components, and chemical interactions that are involved in order to produce actions. [4]
Transitional B cells are B cells at an intermediate stage in their development between bone marrow immature cells and mature B cells in the spleen.Primary B cell development takes place in the bone marrow, where immature B cells must generate a functional B cell receptor (BCR) and overcome negative selection induced by reactivity with autoantigens. [1]
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Regulatory B cells (Bregs or B reg cells) represent a small population of B cells that participates in immunomodulation and in the suppression of immune responses. The population of Bregs can be further separated into different human or murine subsets such as B10 cells, marginal zone B cells, Br1 cells, GrB + B cells, CD9 + B cells, and even some plasmablasts or plasma cells.