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Bell metal in this range of ratios has been used for more than 3,000 years and is known for its resonance and "attractive sound." [2] The crystal lattice formation of this alloy is able to absorb high-impact energies, such as from a bell clapper, without distortion, which is the case when the bell is struck.
The recognized best composition for bell metal though is a ratio of approximately 80 per cent copper and 20 per cent tin. [13] Bell metal of these ratios has been used for more than 3,000 years and is known for its resonance and "attractive sound". [14] Tin and copper are relatively soft metals that will deform on striking.
There is evidence that the metal bell originated in China, [10] with the earliest known Shang dynasty (16th–11th centuries BCE) bells being among the oldest bronze objects found in China. [10] They possibly originated from grain scoops of standard capacity (the word chung or 'grain measure' is used in many ancient texts to mean a bell).
Bell bronze is a two-phase alloy, meaning some of the tin is not dissolved in the copper grains but exists between them. This makes the metal harder and more brittle than a single-phase alloy, and also affects the way the metal responds to hardening by hammering and lathing, and greatly restricts the use of mechanised techniques of manufacture.
Bell shrines are metal objects built to hold early medieval hand-bells, particularly those associated with early Irish saints. Although the enshrinement of bells lasted from the 9th to the 16th centuries, the more well-known examples date from the 11th century. [ 1 ]
In Europe they were probably made from before the early Middle Ages; though many founders cast bells of this type, the Robert Wells bell foundry of Aldbourne, Wiltshire, produced the largest range. The first medieval designs came in two separate halves into which a metal pea was introduced and the two halves were then soldered or crimped together.
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The bell itself weighs 66,000 pounds (30,000 kg); with clapper and supports. The total weight which swings when the bell is rung is 89,390 pounds (40,550 kg). The largest Bell of the People's Salvation Cathedral is the largest free-swinging church bell in the world, surpassing the Petersglocke of Cologne Cathedral.
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