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Counter-illumination camouflage is common in marine organisms such as squid. It has been studied up to the prototype stage for military use in ships and aircraft, but it too has rarely or never been used in warfare. The reverse of countershading, with the belly pigmented darker than the back, enhances contrast and so makes animals more conspicuous.
The grey reef shark or gray reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, sometimes misspelled amblyrhynchus or amblyrhinchos) [2] is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae. One of the most common reef sharks in the Indo-Pacific , it is found as far east as Easter Island and as far west as South Africa .
Three main camouflage methods predominate in the oceans: transparency, [5] reflection, and counterillumination. [6] [1] Transparency and reflectivity are most important in the top 100 metres of the ocean; counterillumination is the main method from 100 metres down to 1000 metres; while camouflage becomes less important in the dark waters below 1000 metres. [6]
This grey reef shark demonstrates countershading, with its darker dorsal surface and lighter ventral surface. Sharks may have a combination of colors on the surface of their body that results in the camouflage technique called countershading. A darker color on the upper side and lighter color on the underside of the body helps prevent visual ...
Counter-illumination differs from countershading, also used by many marine animals, which uses pigments to darken the upper side of the body while the underside is as light as possible with pigment, namely white. Countershading fails when the light falling on the animal's underside is too weak to make it appear roughly as bright as the background.
Postural configuration of a Gray Reef Shark as it displays agonistic behaviour, in a sculpture. Agonism is a broad term which encompasses many behaviours that result from, or are triggered by biological conflict between competing organisms. [1] [2] It is defined as "survivalist animal behaviour that includes aggression, defense, and avoidance [3]".
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