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The new Austrian tunneling method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method (SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method [1] (SCL), is a method of modern tunnel design and construction employing sophisticated monitoring to optimize various wall reinforcement techniques based on the type of rock encountered as tunneling progresses.
Franz Pacher (28 April 1919 in Prostřední Suchá, present-day Czech Republic – 3 March 2018 in Salzburg, Austria [1]) was an Austrian civil engineer and a pioneer of modern tunneling. He is one of three men who are considered to be the chief developers of the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM). [2]
The tunnel was constructed by a technique called the New Austrian Tunnelling method, a tunneling process developed in the early 1960s that has become the primary tunneling practice in Europe. This is the first time that this money-saving technique was used for transit construction in the United States.
Drilling of the tunnel face anchors, Val di Sambro Tunnel, Italy. The Analysis of Controlled Deformation in Rocks and Soils, translated from Italian Analisi delle Deformazioni Controllate nelle Rocce e nei Suoli (ADECO-RS), also known as The New Italian Tunneling Method (NITM), [1] is a modern tunnel design and construction approach.
The Sveti Rok Tunnel is a road tunnel in Lika, Croatia. It is 5.68 kilometres (3.53 mi) long [1] and passes through the Velebit mountains. The tunnel runs between the Sveti Rok and Rovanjska exits on the A1 highway (Zagreb–Dubrovnik); eponymous villages are located near the tunnel's northbound and southbound entrances respectively. [1]
Discussions began in 1998 and construction started in 2014, [1] using the New Austrian Tunneling Method. Breakthrough was achieved in January 2016 [2] and it was inaugurated in a ceremony by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko in late May 2018. [3] [4] The new tunnel has a length of 1,822 m and is covered by up to 180 m of rock.
Leopold Müller at the Geomechanik Kolloquium 1966 in Salzburg, Austria. Leopold Müller (born 9 January 1908 in Salzburg, died 1 August 1988 in Salzburg) was a geologist, one of the pioneers of rock mechanics and one of the main contributors to the development of the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM).
Ladislaus von Rabcewicz (June 12, 1893 in Kungota, nearby Maribor – December 19, 1975) was an Austrian engineer and university professor at the Vienna University of Technology. He is notable for being one of three men who developed the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM).