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In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for choosing the unknown parameters in a linear regression model (with fixed level-one [clarification needed] effects of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables) by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed dependent variable (values ...
In statistics, Mallows's, [1] [2] named for Colin Lingwood Mallows, is used to assess the fit of a regression model that has been estimated using ordinary least squares.It is applied in the context of model selection, where a number of predictor variables are available for predicting some outcome, and the goal is to find the best model involving a subset of these predictors.
The normal equations can be derived directly from a matrix representation of the problem as follows. The objective is to minimize = ‖ ‖ = () = +.Here () = has the dimension 1x1 (the number of columns of ), so it is a scalar and equal to its own transpose, hence = and the quantity to minimize becomes
The model can be estimated equation-by-equation using standard ordinary least squares (OLS). Such estimates are consistent, however generally not as efficient as the SUR method, which amounts to feasible generalized least squares with a specific form of the variance-covariance matrix. Two important cases when SUR is in fact equivalent to OLS ...
For ordinary least squares, the estimate of scale is 0.420, compared to 0.373 for the robust method. Thus, the relative efficiency of ordinary least squares to MM-estimation in this example is 1.266. This inefficiency leads to loss of power in hypothesis tests and to unnecessarily wide confidence intervals on estimated parameters.
It is good practice to find the smallest values of p and q which provide an acceptable fit to the data. For a pure AR model, the Yule-Walker equations may be used to provide a fit. ARMA outputs are used primarily to forecast (predict), and not to infer causation as in other areas of econometrics and regression methods such as OLS and 2SLS.
Weighted least squares (WLS), also known as weighted linear regression, [1] [2] is a generalization of ordinary least squares and linear regression in which knowledge of the unequal variance of observations (heteroscedasticity) is incorporated into the regression.
One basic form of such a model is an ordinary least squares model. The present article concentrates on the mathematical aspects of linear least squares problems, with discussion of the formulation and interpretation of statistical regression models and statistical inferences related to these being dealt with in the articles just mentioned.