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The Regalia of the Pharaoh or Pharaoh's attributes are the symbolic objects of royalty in ancient Egypt (crowns, headdresses, scepters). In use between 3150 and 30 BC, these attributes were specific to pharaohs , but also to certain gods such as Atum , Ra , Osiris and Horus .
In ancient Egypt, it was standard for pharaohs to be worshipped posthumously as transfigured beings amongst the royal ancestors. However, it was exceedingly rare for this deification to be done during the lifetime of the pharaoh. [1] A few pharaohs are exceptions to this.
Nefertiti bust, from the 18th dynasty, New kingdom Egyptian death mask from the 18th dynasty. Louvre, Paris portrait of Meritamun, 19th dynasty of Egypt. Portraiture in ancient Egypt forms a conceptual attempt to portray "the subject from its own perspective rather than the viewpoint of the artist ... to communicate essential information about the object itself". [1]
Pharaoh – an article about the history of the title "Pharaoh" with descriptions of the regalia, crowns and titles used. List of pharaohs – this article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BCE through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty; Coronation of the pharaoh. Crowns of Egypt
The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but each maintained its own regalia: the hedjet or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the deshret or Red Crown for Lower Egypt. Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the pschent , a double crown, each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms.
The earliest known example of a crook is from the Gerzeh culture (Naqada II), and comes from tomb U547 in Abydos [citation needed]. By late Predynastic times, the shepherd's crook was already an established symbol of rule. The flail initially remained separate, being depicted alone in some earliest representations of royal ceremonial.
The only human being admitted to dialogue with the gods on an equal level, Pharaoh is the supreme officiant; the first of the priests of the country. More widely, the pharaonic gesture covers all the fields of activity of the collective and ignores the separation of powers .
Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with all of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. It is clearly demonstrated as existing during this dynasty by retainers being buried near each pharaoh's tomb as well as animals sacrificed for the burial. The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals. [12]