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A Treatise on Metallurgy, including vol. i. On Fuel, Copper, Zinc, and Brass; vol. ii. On Iron and Steel, 1864, 2nd edition 1875; vol. iii. On Lead, 1870; and vol. iv. On Silver and Gold, 1880. His 1851 survey resulted were embodied in the volume on Iron and Steel. This treatise was the first work of its kind written in modern times.
Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) presented details of lead smelting methods and facilities current in Europe in the first half of the 16th century in Book IX of his treatise on mining and metallurgy, De Re Metallica. Methods ranged from primitive open-hearth arrangements (essentially bonfires on which lead ore was piled) to blast furnaces ...
Argonoxygen decarburization (AOD) is a process primarily used in stainless steel making and other high grade alloys with oxidizable elements such as chromium and aluminium. After initial melting the metal is then transferred to an AOD vessel where it will be subjected to three steps of refining; decarburization , reduction , and desulfurization .
Metallurgy: A process involving the separating and refining of metals from other substances; [4] Bioleaching: Using biological agents (bacteria) to extract metals or soils; [ 5 ] general term used to encompass all forms biotechnological forms of extraction ( hydrometallurgy , biohydrometallurgy, biomining , etc)
Leaching is a process widely used in extractive metallurgy where ore is treated with chemicals to convert the valuable metals within the ore, into soluble salts while the impurity remains insoluble. These can then be washed out and processed to give the pure metal; the materials left over are commonly known as tailings .
16th century cupellation furnaces (per Agricola). Cupellation is a refining process in metallurgy in which ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and subjected to controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver, from base metals, like lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, present in the ore.
The book was greatly influential, and for more than a century after it was published, De Re Metallica remained a standard treatise used throughout Europe. The German mining technology it portrayed was acknowledged as the most advanced at the time, and the metallic wealth produced in German mining districts was the envy of many other European ...
The 16th-century process of separating copper and silver using liquation, described by Georg Agricola in his 1556 treatise De re metallica, [1] remained almost unchanged until the 19th century when it was replaced by cheaper and more efficient processes such as sulphatization and eventually electrolytic methods.