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The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The large calorie , food calorie , dietary calorie , or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin ).
The caloric theory is an obsolete ... In later combination with the law of energy conservation, the caloric theory still ... "A sketch for a history of early ...
It was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or merely a physical quantity. [ citation needed ] The development of steam engines in the 18th century required engineers to develop concepts and formulas that would allow them to describe the mechanical and thermal efficiencies of their systems.
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
1798 – Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson) publishes his paper An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction detailing measurements of the frictional heat generated in boring cannons and develops the idea that heat is a form of kinetic energy; his measurements are inconsistent with caloric theory, but ...
Rumford also argued that the seemingly indefinite generation of heat was incompatible with the caloric theory. He contended that the only thing communicated to the barrel was motion. Rumford made no attempt to further quantify the heat generated or to measure the mechanical equivalent of heat.
The history of statements of the law for closed systems has two main periods, before and after the work of George H. Bryan (1907), [35] of Carathéodory (1909), [27] and the approval of Carathéodory's work given by Born (1921). [26] The earlier traditional versions of the law for closed systems are nowadays often considered to be out of date.
James Joule was born in 1818, the son of Benjamin Joule (1784–1858), a wealthy brewer, and his wife, Alice Prescott, on New Bailey Street in Salford. [3] Joule was tutored as a young man by the famous scientist John Dalton and was strongly influenced by chemist William Henry and Manchester engineers Peter Ewart and Eaton Hodgkinson.