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In deep learning, fine-tuning is an approach to transfer learning in which the parameters of a pre-trained neural network model are trained on new data. [1] Fine-tuning can be done on the entire neural network, or on only a subset of its layers, in which case the layers that are not being fine-tuned are "frozen" (i.e., not changed during backpropagation). [2]
Evolutionary optimization has been used in hyperparameter optimization for statistical machine learning algorithms, [10] automated machine learning, typical neural network [26] and deep neural network architecture search, [27] [28] as well as training of the weights in deep neural networks. [29]
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning.The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.
Bayesian optimization of a function (black) with Gaussian processes (purple). Three acquisition functions (blue) are shown at the bottom. [8]Bayesian optimization is typically used on problems of the form (), where is a set of points, , which rely upon less (or equal to) than 20 dimensions (,), and whose membership can easily be evaluated.
However, these optimization techniques assumed constant hyperparameters, i.e. a fixed learning rate and momentum parameter. In the 2010s, adaptive approaches to applying SGD with a per-parameter learning rate were introduced with AdaGrad (for "Adaptive Gradient") in 2011 [16] and RMSprop (for "Root Mean Square Propagation") in 2012. [17]
Automating the process of applying machine learning end-to-end additionally offers the advantages of producing simpler solutions, faster creation of those solutions, and models that often outperform hand-designed models. [4] Common techniques used in AutoML include hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning and neural architecture search.
Learning rate; Least squares; Least-squares spectral analysis; Lemke's algorithm; Level-set method; Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm; Lexicographic max-min optimization; Lexicographic optimization; Limited-memory BFGS; Line search; Linear-fractional programming; Lloyd's algorithm; Local convergence; Local search (optimization) Luus–Jaakola
The learning rate and its adjustments may also differ per parameter, in which case it is a diagonal matrix that can be interpreted as an approximation to the inverse of the Hessian matrix in Newton's method. [5] The learning rate is related to the step length determined by inexact line search in quasi-Newton methods and related optimization ...