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Airsacculitis, [1] [2] also known as air sacculitis, [3] aerosacculitis, [4] air sac disease, [5] air sac infection, air sac syndrome and simply sac disease, [6] is a common inflammatory condition of air sacs that occurs in birds [5] [7] and is caused by various microbial (mostly bacterial) taxa. [7]
The disease causing agent, Histomonas meliagridis, is transmitted in the eggs of the worm Heterakis gallinarum. [8] Once in the environment, the eggs are carried by earthworms. When the worms are eaten and the eggs hatch in the ceca, the pathogen is released. [9] Bird to bird transmission can also occur from cloacal drinking [10]
An infected bird may give its head a convulsive shake in an attempt to remove the obstruction from the trachea so that normal breathing may be resumed. Severely affected birds, particularly young ones, will deteriorate rapidly; they stop drinking and become anorexic. At this stage, death is the usual outcome.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI) is an atypical mycobacterial infection, i.e. one with nontuberculous mycobacteria or NTM, caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which is made of two Mycobacterium species, M. avium and M. intracellulare. [1]
Eustrongylidosis is a parasitic disease that mainly affects wading birds worldwide; however, the parasite's complex, indirect lifecycle involves other species, such as aquatic worms and fish. Moreover, this disease is zoonotic , which means the parasite can transmit disease from animals to humans.
These birds do not show obvious signs of infection. Infection and mortality rates are not closely linked. The disease varies from a mild condition to a rapidly fatal one with death in 4–18 days post infection. [8] In young birds, the early lesions appear as small white to yellowish areas in the mouth cavity, especially the soft palate.
This stage begins the acute phase of noma. The telltale sign is facial edema (swelling) of the lips, cheeks, eyes, etc. Ulceration of the gums worsens during this stage; ulceration may spread to the mucosa (soft, mucus-producing tissue) of the mouth and nose. The patient may feel pain or soreness in their mouth and cheeks.
Pigeon pox is a viral disease to which only pigeons are susceptible. It is characterized by pox scabs, which most frequently form on the featherless parts of the bird. The disease is caused by the Pigeon pox virus. It can be transmitted by droplet infection from one animal to another, or more commonly through infected insects or the digestion ...