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In this work, al-Ash'ari reflected himself as opposed to the ultra-traditionalists, literalists or fundamentalists (probably some of those associated with the Hanbali school), [9] and described them as being ignorant, unable to rationalize or inquire into religious matters, and inclined to blind imitation of authority.
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
Tafsir bi'r-ra'y, or commonly known as tafsir bi-al-diraya, is the method of using one's independent rational reasoning and mind to form an opinion-oriented interpretation. The most distinctive feature of tafsir bi-al-diraya is the inclusion of the opinions of the commentator, thus forming the more objective view on Quranic verses. The relative ...
A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief (Arabic: الإرشاد إلى قواطع الأدلة في أصول الاعتقاد, romanized: Al-Irshad ila Qawati' al-Adilla fi Usul al-I'tiqad), commonly known simply as Al-Irshad ("The Guide"), is a major classic of Islamic theology.
Kitab al-nafs wa'l-ruh wa sharh quwa-huma (Book on the Soul and the Spirit and their Faculties) Mabahith al-mashriqiyya fi 'ilm al-ilahiyyat wa-'l-tabi'iyyat (Eastern Studies in Metaphysics and Physics) Al-Matālib al-'Āliyyah min al- 'ilm al-ilahī (The Higher Issues) – his last work. Al-Razi wrote al-Matālib during his writing of al ...
Kalam cosmological argument, a cosmological argument for the existence of God rooted in the Ilm al-Kalam heritage; Jewish Kalam, an early medieval style of Jewish philosophy that evolved in response to the Islamic Kalam, which in turn was a reaction against Aristotelian philosophy
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