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Generalized to stochastic versions (stochastic transitivity), the study of transitivity finds applications of in decision theory, psychometrics and utility models. [19] A quasitransitive relation is another generalization; [5] it is required to be transitive only on its non-symmetric part. Such relations are used in social choice theory or ...
Complementing the Laporte rule, is the spin-selection rule, which forbids transitions that involve changes in spin state. Violations of both the Laporte and spin-selection rules results in particularly low extinction coefficients. Illustrative of this combined effect is the faintness of even concentrated solutions of octahedral Mn(II) and Fe ...
Le Chatelier–Braun principle analyzes the qualitative behaviour of a thermodynamic system when a particular one of its externally controlled state variables, say , changes by an amount , the 'driving change', causing a change , the 'response of prime interest', in its conjugate state variable , all other externally controlled state variables remaining constant.
Transitivity (grammar), a property regarding whether a lexical item denotes a transitive object; Transitive verb, a verb which takes an object; Transitive case, a grammatical case to mark arguments of a transitive verb
The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, K eq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, Δ r H ⊖, for the process. The subscript r {\displaystyle r} means "reaction" and the superscript ⊖ {\displaystyle \ominus } means "standard".
In dynamical systems theory, a period-doubling bifurcation occurs when a slight change in a system's parameters causes a new periodic trajectory to emerge from an existing periodic trajectory—the new one having double the period of the original.
In chemistry, transition state theory (TST) explains the reaction rates of elementary chemical reactions. The theory assumes a special type of chemical equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium) between reactants and activated transition state complexes. [1] TST is used primarily to understand qualitatively how chemical reactions take place.
However, since they can be off shell, wherever the diagram contains a closed loop, the energies and momenta of the virtual particles participating in the loop will be partly unconstrained, since a change in a quantity for one particle in the loop can be balanced by an equal and opposite change in another. Therefore, every loop in a Feynman ...