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  2. Pain in cephalopods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods

    The octopus central brain contains 40 to 45 million cells. The brain-to-body mass ratio of the octopus is the highest of all the invertebrates and larger than that of most fish and reptiles (i.e. vertebrates). However, scientists have noted that brain size is not necessarily related to the complexity of its function.

  3. Pain in invertebrates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates

    In humans, the neocortex of the brain has a central role in pain and it has been argued that any species lacking this structure will therefore be incapable of feeling pain. [12] However, it is possible that different structures may be involved in the pain experience of other animals in the way that, for example, crustacean decapods have vision ...

  4. Octopus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus

    An octopus (pl.: octopuses or octopodes [a]) is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda (/ ɒ k ˈ t ɒ p ə d ə /, ok-TOP-ə-də [3]).The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids.

  5. Nociceptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptor

    ' pain receptor ') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals [1] [2] [3] to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception.

  6. Pain in crustaceans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans

    Pain has the adaptive advantage that it invokes a level of learning, thereby preventing the animal from repeatedly exposing itself to potential injury. [36] Pain cannot be directly measured in other animals, including other humans; responses to putatively painful stimuli can be measured, but not the experience itself.

  7. Octopus DNA seems to confirm scientists’ theory about a long ...

    www.aol.com/octopus-dna-may-hold-clue-190025141.html

    A study of octopus DNA may have solved an enduring mystery about when the rapidly melting West Antarctic ice sheet last collapsed, unlocking valuable information about how much future sea levels ...

  8. Cephalopod - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod

    Squids do not have the longitudinal muscles that octopus do. Instead, they have a tunic. [81] This tunic is made of layers of collagen and it surrounds the top and the bottom of the mantle. Because they are made of collagen and not muscle, the tunics are rigid bodies that are much stronger than the muscle counterparts.

  9. Octopus ancestor is the first of its kind with 10 ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/octopus-ancestor-first-kind-10...

    Researchers have identified an extinct vampire squid-like creature that is the first of its kind with 10 functional arms. The earliest known relative of octopuses and vampire squid has been named ...