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The structure of the French judiciary is divided into three tiers: Inferior courts of original and general jurisdiction; Intermediate appellate courts which hear cases on appeal from lower courts; Courts of last resort which hear appeals from lower appellate courts on the interpretation of law. There are exceptions to this scheme, as noted below.
Organization of the French judiciary for criminal matters. There are two categories of criminal jurisdiction: investigation ( French : instruction ) and judgement ( jugement ). This distinction is echoed by the French code of criminal procedure ( Code de procédure pénale ), which nevertheless does not define how to distinguish the one from ...
These ordinary courts mainly deals with civil and criminal cases, and are composed of judges called 'magistrates (French: Magistrat)' educated from French National School for the Judiciary, while judges composing administrative court and constitutional court are usually not trained in French National School for the Judiciary.
Tribunal de commerce de Paris, 2009.. In France, the tribunal de commerce (plural tribunaux de commerce, literally "commercial courts") are the oldest courts in the French judicial organization.
A box-spring (or divan in some countries) is a type of bed base typically consisting of a sturdy wooden frame covered in cloth and containing springs. Usually, the box-spring is placed on top of a wooden or metal bedframe that sits on the floor and acts as a brace, except in the UK where the divan is more often fitted with small casters .
In French criminal law, the investigation phase (instruction) in a criminal proceeding is the procedure during which an investigating judge (juge d'instruction) gathers evidence on the commission of an offense and decides whether to refer the persons charged to the trial court. The investigating judge is the first instance of investigation.
Courts of Appeal in the French judiciary. Procedure (simplified) of an appeal and of an appeal en cassation. The court of appeal recognizes appeals of matters previously brought before the relevant tribunals, (du ressort), both civil and penal: [16] tribunal d'instance. police tribunals; tribunal de grande instance. juge d'instruction
The differences between French case law and case law in common law systems appear to be: (1) it is not cited in the highest courts; [5] [17] [18] [19] (2) lower courts are theoretically free to depart from higher courts, although they risk their decisions being overturned; [5] and (3) courts must not solely cite case law as a basis of decision ...